![]() ![]() In particular, we argue that fragmented self-talk may ensue in response to negative events, when people feel autonomous, and when they are currently attempting to execute a behavior. If fragmented self-talk occurs in situations that require self-control, several conditions may predict the frequency of use of the second person and the imperative. What was fragmented because the commander and the actor were physically independent may engender self-fragmentation within an actor using the same communicative schema to self-command. Therefore, initial commands associated with behavior control should have been committed to memory in the second person ( Vygotsky, 1934/1987), suggesting that future verbal executions may proceed in a similar fashion. An argument for this assumption is that, developmentally, the conscious control of human behavior is executed by somebody other than the actor, such as a caretaker or teacher. The present research argues that fragmented self-talk, that is, self-talk in the form of second person statements ( you can do it) and use of the imperative ( act nice) should arise in situations requiring behavior regulation. Theorists have long assumed that behavior regulation is achieved in part through the use of self-talk (e.g., Freud, 1927 Meichenbaum, 1977), yet evidence for these assertions has been elusive. ![]() What situations elicit self-talk? When do we talk to ourselves in the second person orattempt to self-command as we would do while commanding another person? These questions are of interest to social psychologists ( Hart & AlbarracĂn, 2009), cognitive scholars ( Oppenheim & Dell, 2010), developmental researchers ( Fernyhough & Fradley, 2005), and neuroscientists ( Longe et al., 2010) concerned with the causes and consequences of self-directed language. Despite its ubiquity, self-talk has received little systematic research attention (see Hardy, 2006), which leaves basic questions about its characteristics and functions unanswered ( Fields, 2002 Vicente & Manrique, 2011). Ninety-six percent of adults report engaging in an ongoing internal dialogue ( Winsler, Feder, Way, & Manfra, 2006), and self-talk is reported in over 25% of sampled moments ( Heavey & Hurlburt, 2008). Everyday life is filled with a constant stream of self-talk, which we define as inner speech that is self-directed and/or self-referential ( Brinthaupt, Hein, & Kramer, 2009). ![]()
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